Understanding Dementia vs. Alzheimer’s: What’s the Difference?

Many people use the terms dementia and Alzheimer’s disease interchangeably—but they are not the same thing. Understanding the difference is an important first step in recognizing symptoms, seeking help, and supporting those affected.

Dementia: An Umbrella Term

Dementia is a general term used to describe a decline in memory, thinking, and reasoning that interferes with daily life. It is not a specific disease, but rather a category of conditions that affect cognitive function.

A helpful way to think about it is this: Dementia is like “fruit.” Alzheimer’s is like an “apple.”

There are several types of dementia, including:

• Alzheimer’s disease (the most common)

• Vascular dementia, often caused by reduced blood flow to the brain

• Lewy body dementia, associated with abnormal protein deposits in the brain

• Frontotemporal dementia, which primarily affects behavior and language

Each type has different causes, symptoms, and progression patterns.

Alzheimer’s Disease: The Most Common Cause of Dementia

Alzheimer’s disease is a specific, progressive brain disease and accounts for 60–80% of all dementia cases. It develops as abnormal protein changes damage and destroy brain cells, leading to a gradual decline in cognitive abilities.

Alzheimer’s typically begins with:

• Memory loss that disrupts daily life

• Difficulty remembering recently learned information

As the disease progresses, individuals may experience:

• Challenges with problem-solving and decision-making

• Confusion with time or place

• Changes in mood, behavior, or personality

• Difficulty completing familiar daily tasks

Over time, Alzheimer’s affects a person’s ability to live independently and requires increasing levels of care and support.

The Impact in Illinois

Alzheimer’s disease affects families and communities across our state. In Illinois, more than 255,000 people are currently living with Alzheimer’s, and that number is expected to grow as the population ages. Behind each statistic is a person, a caregiver, and a family navigating the realities of this disease.

Why Understanding the Difference Matters

Knowing the distinction between dementia and Alzheimer’s can:

• Help individuals and families seek appropriate medical evaluations

• Improve understanding of symptoms and disease progression

• Reduce stigma and misinformation

• Encourage earlier diagnosis and access to care, support, and resources

While there is currently no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, early diagnosis and treatment can help manage symptoms, improve quality of life, and provide valuable time for planning and support.

You’re Not Alone

If you or someone you love is experiencing memory changes or cognitive challenges, help is available. Education, support groups, care resources, and research advancements continue to make a difference for individuals living with Alzheimer’s and other dementias.

Understanding starts with awareness—and together, we can continue working toward a future without Alzheimer’s.